lithium\test\Unit

class

This is the base class for all test cases. Test are performed using an assertion method. If the assertion is correct, the test passes, otherwise it fails. Most assertions take an expected result, a received result, and a message (to describe the failure) as parameters.

Unit tests are used to check a small unit of functionality, such as if a method returns an expected result for a known input, or whether an adapter can successfully open a connection.

Available assertions are (see assert<assertion-name> methods for details): Equal, False, Identical, NoPattern, NotEqual, Null, Pattern, Tags, True.

If an assertion is expected to produce an exception, assertException() should be used.

Subclasses

Source

class Unit extends \lithium\core\Object {

	/**
	 * The Reference to a test reporter class.
	 *
	 * @var string
	 */
	protected $_reporter = null;

	/**
	 * The list of test results.
	 *
	 * @var string
	 */
	protected $_results = array();

	/**
	 * Internal types and how to test for them
	 *
	 * @var array
	 */
	protected static $_internalTypes = array(
		'array' => 'is_array',
		'bool' => 'is_bool',
		'boolean' => 'is_bool',
		'callable' => 'is_callable',
		'double' => 'is_double',
		'float' => 'is_float',
		'int' => 'is_int',
		'integer' => 'is_integer',
		'long' => 'is_long',
		'null' => 'is_null',
		'numeric' => 'is_numeric',
		'object' => 'is_object',
		'real' => 'is_real',
		'resource' => 'is_resource',
		'scalar' => 'is_scalar',
		'string' => 'is_string'
	);

	/**
	 * Finds the test case for the corresponding class name.
	 *
	 * @param string $class A fully-namespaced class reference for which to find a test case.
	 * @return string Returns the class name of a test case for `$class`, or `null` if none exists.
	 */
	public static function get($class) {
		$parts = explode('\\', $class);

		$library = array_shift($parts);
		$name = array_pop($parts);
		$type = 'tests.cases.' . implode('.', $parts);

		return Libraries::locate($type, $name, compact('library'));
	}

	/**
	 * Setup method run before every test method. Override in subclasses.
	 *
	 * @return void
	 */
	public function setUp() {}

	/**
	 * Teardown method run after every test method. Override in subclasses.
	 *
	 * @return void
	 */
	public function tearDown() {}

	/**
	 * Subclasses should use this method to set conditions that, if failed, terminate further
	 * testing.
	 *
	 * For example:
	 * ```
	 * public function skip() {
	 *     $connection = Connections::get('test', array('config' => true));
	 *     $this->skipIf(!$connection, 'Test database is unavailable.');
	 * }
	 * ```
	 */
	public function skip() {}

	/**
	 * Skips test(s) if the condition is met.
	 *
	 * When used within a subclass' `skip` method, all tests are ignored if the condition is
	 * met, otherwise processing continues as normal. For other methods, only the remainder of
	 * the method is skipped, when the condition is met.
	 *
	 * @throws Exception
	 * @param boolean $condition
	 * @param string|boolean $message Message to pass if the condition is met.
	 * @return mixed
	 */
	public function skipIf($condition, $message = false) {
		if ($condition) {
			throw new Exception(is_string($message) ? $message : null);
		}
	}

	/**
	 * Returns the class name that is the subject under test for this test case.
	 *
	 * @return string
	 */
	public function subject() {
		return preg_replace('/Test$/', '', str_replace('tests\\cases\\', '', get_class($this)));
	}

	/**
	 * Return test methods to run.
	 *
	 * @return array
	 */
	public function methods() {
		static $methods;
		return $methods ?: $methods = array_values(preg_grep('/^test/', get_class_methods($this)));
	}

	/**
	 * Returns the current results.
	 *
	 * @return array The Results... currently.
	 */
	public function results() {
		return $this->_results;
	}

	/**
	 * Runs the test methods in this test case, with the given options.
	 *
	 * Installs a temporary error handler that will convert regular errors to
	 * exceptions in order to make both errors and exceptions be handled
	 * in a unified way. ErrorExceptions created like this, will get the
	 * error's code as their severity. As this comes closest to their meaning.
	 *
	 * The error handler honors the PHP `error_level` and will not convert errors
	 * to exceptions if they are masked by the `error_level`. This allows test
	 * methods to run assertions against i.e. deprecated functions. Usually
	 * the error_level is set by the test runner so that all errors are converted.
	 *
	 * @link http://php.net/manual/function.error-reporting.php
	 * @param array $options The options to use when running the test. Available options are:
	 *             - `'methods'`: An arbitrary array of method names to execute. If
	 *                unspecified, all methods starting with 'test' are run.
	 *             - `'reporter'`: A closure which gets called after each test result,
	 *                which may modify the results presented.
	 *             - `'handler'`: A closure which gets registered as the temporary error handler.
	 * @return array
	 */
	public function run(array $options = array()) {
		$defaults = array(
			'methods' => $this->methods(),
			'reporter' => $this->_reporter,
			'handler' => function($code, $message, $file = null, $line = null) {
				if (error_reporting() & $code) {
					throw new ErrorException($message, 0, $code, $file, $line);
				}
			}
		);
		$options += $defaults;
		$this->_results = array();
		$this->_reporter = $options['reporter'];

		try {
			$this->skip();
		} catch (Exception $e) {
			$this->_handleException($e);
			return $this->_results;
		}

		set_error_handler($options['handler']);
		foreach ($options['methods'] as $method) {
			if ($this->_runTestMethod($method, $options) === false) {
				break;
			}
		}
		restore_error_handler();
		return $this->_results;
	}

	/**
	 * General assert method used by others for common output.
	 *
	 * @param boolean $expression
	 * @param string|boolean $message The message to output. If the message is not a string,
	 *        then it will be converted to '{:message}'. Use '{:message}' in the string and it
	 *        will use the `$data` to format the message with `String::insert()`.
	 * @param array $data
	 * @return boolean `true` if the assertion succeeded, `false` otherwise.
	 */
	public function assert($expression, $message = false, $data = array()) {
		if (!is_string($message)) {
			$message = '{:message}';
		}
		if (strpos($message, "{:message}") !== false) {
			$params = $data;
			$params['message'] = $this->_message($params);
			$message = String::insert($message, $params);
		}
		$trace = Debugger::trace(array(
			'start' => 1, 'depth' => 4, 'format' => 'array', 'closures' => !$expression
		));
		$methods = $this->methods();
		$i = 1;

		while ($i < count($trace)) {
			if (in_array($trace[$i]['function'], $methods) && $trace[$i - 1]['object'] == $this) {
				break;
			}
			$i++;
		}
		$class = isset($trace[$i - 1]['object']) ? get_class($trace[$i - 1]['object']) : null;
		$method = isset($trace[$i]) ? $trace[$i]['function'] : $trace[$i - 1]['function'];

		$result = compact('class', 'method', 'message', 'data') + array(
			'file'      => $trace[$i - 1]['file'],
			'line'      => $trace[$i - 1]['line'],
			'assertion' => $trace[$i - 1]['function']
		);
		$this->_result($expression ? 'pass' : 'fail', $result);
		return $expression;
	}

	/**
	 * Generates a failed test with the given message.
	 *
	 * @param string $message
	 */
	public function fail($message = false) {
		$this->assert(false, $message);
	}

	/**
	 * Assert that the actual result is equal, but not neccessarily identical, to the expected
	 * result.
	 *
	 * @see lithium\test\Unit::assert()
	 * @param mixed $expected
	 * @param mixed $result
	 * @param string|boolean $message
	 * @return boolean `true` if the assertion succeeded, `false` otherwise.
	 */
	public function assertEqual($expected, $result, $message = '{:message}') {
		list($expected, $result) = $this->_normalizeLineEndings($expected, $result);
		$data = ($expected != $result) ? $this->_compare('equal', $expected, $result) : null;
		return $this->assert($expected == $result, $message, $data);
	}

	/**
	 * Assert that the actual result and the expected result are *not* equal to each other.
	 *
	 * @see lithium\test\Unit::assert()
	 * @param mixed $expected
	 * @param mixed $result
	 * @param string|boolean $message
	 * @return boolean `true` if the assertion succeeded, `false` otherwise.
	 */
	public function assertNotEqual($expected, $result, $message = '{:message}') {
		list($expected, $result) = $this->_normalizeLineEndings($expected, $result);
		return $this->assert($result != $expected, $message, compact('expected', 'result'));
	}

	/**
	 * Assert that the actual result and the expected result are identical using a strict
	 * comparison.
	 *
	 * @see lithium\test\Unit::assert()
	 * @param mixed $expected
	 * @param mixed $result
	 * @param string|boolean $message
	 * @return boolean `true` if the assertion succeeded, `false` otherwise.
	 */
	public function assertIdentical($expected, $result, $message = '{:message}') {
		$data = ($expected !== $result) ? $this->_compare('identical', $expected, $result) : null;
		return $this->assert($expected === $result, $message, $data);
	}

	/**
	 * Assert that the actual result and the expected result are *not* identical using a strict
	 * comparison.
	 *
	 * @see lithium\test\Unit::assert()
	 * @param mixed $expected
	 * @param mixed $result
	 * @param string|boolean $message
	 * @return boolean `true` if the assertion succeeded, `false` otherwise.
	 */
	public function assertNotIdentical($expected, $result, $message = '{:message}') {
		return $this->assert($expected !== $result, $message, compact('expected', 'result'));
	}

	/**
	 * Assert that the result is strictly `true`.
	 *
	 * ```
	 * $this->assertTrue(true, 'Boolean true'); // succeeds
	 * $this->assertTrue('false', 'String has content'); // fails
	 * $this->assertTrue(10, 'Non-Zero value'); // fails
	 * ```
	 *
	 * @see lithium\test\Unit::assert()
	 * @param mixed $result
	 * @param string $message
	 * @return boolean `true` if the assertion succeeded, `false` otherwise.
	 */
	public function assertTrue($result, $message = '{:message}') {
		$expected = true;
		return $this->assert($result === $expected, $message, compact('expected', 'result'));
	}

	/**
	 * Assert that the result strictly is `false`.
	 *
	 * ```
	 * $this->assertFalse(false, 'Boolean false'); // succeeds
	 * $this->assertFalse('', 'String is empty'); // fails
	 * $this->assertFalse(0, 'Zero value'); // fails
	 * ```
	 *
	 * @see lithium\test\Unit::assert()
	 * @param mixed $result
	 * @param string $message
	 * @return boolean `true` if the assertion succeeded, `false` otherwise.
	 */
	public function assertFalse($result, $message = '{:message}') {
		$expected = false;
		return $this->assert($result === $expected, $message, compact('expected', 'result'));
	}

	/**
	 * Assert that the result is strictly `null`.
	 *
	 * @see lithium\test\Unit::assert()
	 * @param mixed $result
	 * @param string $message
	 * @return boolean `true` if the assertion succeeded, `false` otherwise.
	 */
	public function assertNull($result, $message = '{:message}') {
		$expected = null;
		return $this->assert($result === null, $message, compact('expected', 'result'));
	}

	/**
	 * Assert that the result is *not* strictly `null`.
	 *
	 * ```
	 * $this->assertNotNull(1); // succeeds
	 * $this->assertNotNull(null); // fails
	 * ```
	 *
	 * @see lithium\test\Unit::assert()
	 * @param mixed $result
	 * @param string $message
	 * @return boolean `true` if the assertion succeeded, `false` otherwise.
	 */
	public function assertNotNull($actual, $message = '{:message}') {
		return $this->assert($actual !== null, $message, array(
			'expected' => null,
			'actual' => gettype($actual)
		));
	}

	/**
	 * Assert that given result is empty.
	 *
	 * ```
	 * $this->assertEmpty(''); // succeeds
	 * $this->assertEmpty(0); // succeeds
	 * $this->assertEmpty(0.0); // succeeds
	 * $this->assertEmpty('0'); // succeeds
	 * $this->assertEmpty(null); // succeeds
	 * $this->assertEmpty(false); // succeeds
	 * $this->assertEmpty(array()); // succeeds
	 * $this->assertEmpty(1); // fails
	 * ```
	 *
	 * @link http://php.net/empty
	 * @see lithium\test\Unit::assert()
	 * @param string $actual
	 * @param string|boolean $message
	 * @return boolean `true` if the assertion succeeded, `false` otherwise.
	 */
	public function assertEmpty($actual, $message = '{:message}') {
		return $this->assert(empty($actual), $message, array(
			'expected' => $actual,
			'result' => empty($actual)
		));
	}

	/**
	 * Assert that given result is *not* empty.
	 *
	 * ```
	 * $this->assertNotEmpty(1); // succeeds
	 * $this->assertNotEmpty(array()); // fails
	 * ```
	 *
	 * @link http://php.net/empty
	 * @see lithium\test\Unit::assert()
	 * @param string $actual
	 * @param string|boolean $message
	 * @return boolean `true` if the assertion succeeded, `false` otherwise.
	 */
	public function assertNotEmpty($actual, $message = '{:message}') {
		return $this->assert(!empty($actual), $message, array(
			'expected' => $actual,
			'result' => !empty($actual)
		));
	}

	/**
	 * Assert that the code passed in a closure throws an exception or raises a PHP error. The
	 * first argument to this method specifies which class name or message the exception must
	 * have in order to make the assertion successful.
	 *
	 * @see lithium\test\Unit::assert()
	 * @param mixed $expected A string indicating what the error text is expected to be.  This can
	 *              be an exact string, a /-delimited regular expression, or true, indicating that
	 *              any error text is acceptable.
	 * @param \Closure $closure A closure containing the code that should throw the exception.
	 * @param string $message
	 * @return boolean `true` if the assertion succeeded, `false` otherwise.
	 */
	public function assertException($expected, $closure, $message = '{:message}') {
		try {
			$closure();
			$message = sprintf('An exception "%s" was expected but not thrown.', $expected);
			return $this->assert(false, $message, compact('expected', 'result'));
		} catch (Exception $e) {
			$class = get_class($e);
			$eMessage = $e->getMessage();

			if (get_class($e) === $expected) {
				$result = $class;
				return $this->assert(true, $message, compact('expected', 'result'));
			}
			if ($eMessage === $expected) {
				$result = $eMessage;
				return $this->assert(true, $message, compact('expected', 'result'));
			}
			if (Validator::isRegex($expected) && preg_match($expected, $eMessage)) {
				$result = $eMessage;
				return $this->assert(true, $message, compact('expected', 'result'));
			}

			$message = sprintf(
				'Exception "%s" was expected. Exception "%s" with message "%s" was thrown instead.',
				$expected, get_class($e), $eMessage
			);
			return $this->assert(false, $message);
		}
	}

	/**
	 * Assert that the code passed in a closure does not throw an exception matching the passed
	 * expected exception.
	 *
	 * The value passed to `exepected` is either an exception class name or the expected message.
	 *
	 * @see lithium\test\Unit::assert()
	 * @param mixed $expected A string indicating what the error text is not expected to be. This
	 *              can be an exact string, a /-delimited regular expression, or true, indicating
	 *              that any error text is acceptable.
	 * @param \Closure $closure A closure containing the code that should throw the exception.
	 * @param string $message
	 * @return boolean `true` if the assertion succeeded, `false` otherwise.
	 */
	public function assertNotException($expected, $closure, $message = '{:message}') {
		try {
			$closure();
		} catch (Exception $e) {
			$class = get_class($e);
			$eMessage = $e->getMessage();
			if (is_a($e, $expected)) {
				$result = $class;
				return $this->assert(false, $message, compact('expected', 'result'));
			}
			if ($eMessage === $expected) {
				$result = $eMessage;
				return $this->assert(false, $message, compact('expected', 'result'));
			}
			if (Validator::isRegex($expected) && preg_match($expected, $eMessage)) {
				$result = $eMessage;
				return $this->assert(false, $message, compact('expected', 'result'));
			}
		}
		$message = sprintf('Exception "%s" was not expected.', $expected);
		return $this->assert(true, $message, compact('expected', 'result'));
	}

	/**
	 * Assert that the regular expression `$expected` is matched in the result.
	 *
	 * @see lithium\test\Unit::assert()
	 * @param mixed $expected
	 * @param mixed $result
	 * @param string $message
	 * @return boolean `true` if the assertion succeeded, `false` otherwise.
	 */
	public function assertPattern($expected, $result, $message = '{:message}') {
		list($expected, $result) = $this->_normalizeLineEndings($expected, $result);
		$params = compact('expected', 'result');
		return $this->assert(!!preg_match($expected, $result), $message, $params);
	}

	/**
	 * Assert that the regular expression `$expected` is *not* matched in the result.
	 *
	 * @see lithium\test\Unit::assert()
	 * @param mixed $expected
	 * @param mixed $result
	 * @param string $message
	 * @return boolean `true` if the assertion succeeded, `false` otherwise.
	 */
	public function assertNotPattern($expected, $result, $message = '{:message}') {
		list($expected, $result) = $this->_normalizeLineEndings($expected, $result);
		$params = compact('expected', 'result');
		return $this->assert(!preg_match($expected, $result), $message, $params);
	}

	/**
	 * Assert that given value matches the `sprintf` format.
	 *
	 * ```
	 * $this->assertStringMatchesFormat('%d', '10'); // succeeds
	 * $this->assertStringMatchesFormat('%d', '10.555'); // fails
	 * ```
	 *
	 * @link http://php.net/sprintf
	 * @link http://php.net/sscanf
	 * @see lithium\test\Unit::assert()
	 * @param string $expected Expected format using sscanf's format.
	 * @param string $actual
	 * @param string|boolean $message
	 * @return boolean `true` if the assertion succeeded, `false` otherwise.
	 */
	public function assertStringMatchesFormat($expected, $actual, $message = '{:message}') {
		$result = sscanf($actual, $expected);
		return $this->assert($result[0] == $actual, $message, compact('expected', 'result'));
	}

	/**
	 * Assert that given value does *not* matche the `sprintf` format.
	 *
	 * ```
	 * $this->assertStringNotMatchesFormat('%d', '10.555'); // succeeds
	 * $this->assertStringNotMatchesFormat('%d', '10'); // fails
	 * ```
	 *
	 * @link http://php.net/sprintf
	 * @link http://php.net/sscanf
	 * @see lithium\test\Unit::assert()
	 * @param string $expected Expected format using sscanf's format.
	 * @param string $actual
	 * @param string|boolean $message
	 * @return boolean `true` if the assertion succeeded, `false` otherwise.
	 */
	public function assertStringNotMatchesFormat($expected, $actual, $message = '{:message}') {
		$result = sscanf($actual, $expected);
		return $this->assert($result[0] != $actual, $message, compact('expected', 'result'));
	}

	/**
	 * Assert given result string has given suffix.
	 *
	 * ```
	 * $this->assertStringEndsWith('bar', 'foobar'); // succeeds
	 * $this->assertStringEndsWith('foo', 'foobar'); // fails
	 * ```
	 *
	 * @param string $expected The suffix to check for.
	 * @param string $actual
	 * @param string|boolean $message
	 * @return boolean `true` if the assertion succeeded, `false` otherwise.
	 */
	public function assertStringEndsWith($expected, $actual, $message = '{:message}') {
		return $this->assert(preg_match("/$expected$/", $actual, $matches) === 1, $message, array(
			'expected' => $expected,
			'result' => $actual
		));
	}

	/**
	 * Assert given result string has given prefix.
	 *
	 * ```
	 * $this->assertStringStartsWith('foo', 'foobar'); // succeeds
	 * $this->assertStringStartsWith('bar', 'foobar'); // fails
	 * ```
	 *
	 * @param string $expected The prefix to check for.
	 * @param string $actual
	 * @param string|boolean $message
	 * @return boolean `true` if the assertion succeeded, `false` otherwise.
	 */
	public function assertStringStartsWith($expected, $actual, $message = '{:message}') {
		return $this->assert(preg_match("/^$expected/", $actual, $matches) === 1, $message, array(
			'expected' => $expected,
			'result' => $actual
		));
	}

	/**
	 * Takes an array $expected and generates a regex from it to match the provided $string.
	 * Samples for $expected:
	 *
	 * Checks for an input tag with a name attribute (contains any non-empty value) and an id
	 * attribute that contains 'my-input':
	 * ```
	 *     array('input' => array('name', 'id' => 'my-input'))
	 * ```
	 *
	 * Checks for two p elements with some text in them:
	 * ```
	 * array(
	 *     array('p' => true),
	 *     'textA',
	 *     '/p',
	 *     array('p' => true),
	 *     'textB',
	 *     '/p'
	 * )
	 * ```
	 *
	 * You can also specify a pattern expression as part of the attribute values, or the tag
	 * being defined, if you prepend the value with preg: and enclose it with slashes, like so:
	 * ```
	 * array(
	 *     array('input' => array('name', 'id' => 'preg:/FieldName\d+/')),
	 *     'preg:/My\s+field/'
	 * )
	 * ```
	 *
	 * Important: This function is very forgiving about whitespace and also accepts any
	 * permutation of attribute order. It will also allow whitespaces between specified tags.
	 *
	 * @see lithium\test\Unit::assert()
	 * @param string $string An HTML/XHTML/XML string
	 * @param array $expected An array, see above
	 * @return boolean `true` if the assertion succeeded, `false` otherwise.
	 */
	public function assertTags($string, $expected) {
		$regex = array();
		$normalized = array();

		foreach ((array) $expected as $key => $val) {
			if (!is_numeric($key)) {
				$normalized[] = array($key => $val);
			} else {
				$normalized[] = $val;
			}
		}
		$i = 0;

		foreach ($normalized as $tags) {
			$i++;
			if (is_string($tags) && $tags[0] === '<') {
				$tags = array(substr($tags, 1) => array());
			} elseif (is_string($tags)) {
				$tagsTrimmed = preg_replace('/\s+/m', '', $tags);

				if (preg_match('/^\*?\//', $tags, $match) && $tagsTrimmed !== '//') {
					$prefix = array(null, null);

					if ($match[0] === '*/') {
						$prefix = array('Anything, ', '.*?');
					}
					$regex[] = array(
						sprintf('%sClose %s tag', $prefix[0], substr($tags, strlen($match[0]))),
						sprintf('%s<[\s]*\/[\s]*%s[\s]*>[\n\r]*', $prefix[1], substr(
							$tags, strlen($match[0])
						)),
						$i
					);
					continue;
				}

				if (!empty($tags) && preg_match('/^regex\:\/(.+)\/$/i', $tags, $matches)) {
					$tags = $matches[1];
					$type = 'Regex matches';
				} else {
					$tags = preg_quote($tags, '/');
					$type = 'Text equals';
				}
				$regex[] = array(sprintf('%s "%s"', $type, $tags), $tags, $i);
				continue;
			}
			foreach ($tags as $tag => $attributes) {
				$regex[] = array(
					sprintf('Open %s tag', $tag),
					sprintf('[\s]*<%s', preg_quote($tag, '/')),
					$i
				);
				if ($attributes === true) {
					$attributes = array();
				}
				$attrs = array();
				$explanations = array();

				foreach ($attributes as $attr => $val) {
					if (is_numeric($attr) && preg_match('/^regex\:\/(.+)\/$/i', $val, $matches)) {
						$attrs[] = $matches[1];
						$explanations[] = sprintf('Regex "%s" matches', $matches[1]);
						continue;
					} else {
						$quotes = '"';

						if (is_numeric($attr)) {
							$attr = $val;
							$val = '.+?';
							$explanations[] = sprintf('Attribute "%s" present', $attr);
						} elseif (
							!empty($val) && preg_match('/^regex\:\/(.+)\/$/i', $val, $matches)
						) {
							$quotes = '"?';
							$val = $matches[1];
							$explanations[] = sprintf('Attribute "%s" matches "%s"', $attr, $val);
						} else {
							$explanations[] = sprintf('Attribute "%s" == "%s"', $attr, $val);
							$val = preg_quote($val, '/');
						}
						$attrs[] = '[\s]+' . preg_quote($attr, '/') . "={$quotes}{$val}{$quotes}";
					}
				}
				if ($attrs) {
					$permutations = $this->_arrayPermute($attrs);
					$permutationTokens = array();
					foreach ($permutations as $permutation) {
						$permutationTokens[] = join('', $permutation);
					}
					$regex[] = array(
						sprintf('%s', join(', ', $explanations)),
						$permutationTokens,
						$i
					);
				}
				$regex[] = array(sprintf('End %s tag', $tag), '[\s]*\/?[\s]*>[\n\r]*', $i);
			}
		}

		foreach ($regex as $i => $assertation) {
			list($description, $expressions, $itemNum) = $assertation;
			$matches = false;

			foreach ((array) $expressions as $expression) {
				if (preg_match(sprintf('/^%s/s', $expression), $string, $match)) {
					$matches = true;
					$string = substr($string, strlen($match[0]));
					break;
				}
			}

			if (!$matches) {
				$this->assert(false, sprintf(
					'- Item #%d / regex #%d failed: %s', $itemNum, $i, $description
				));
				return false;
			}
		}
		return $this->assert(true);
	}

	/**
	 * Assert Cookie data is properly set in headers.
	 *
	 * The value passed to `exepected` is an array of the cookie data, with at least the key and
	 * value expected, but can support any of the following keys:
	 * 	- `key`: the expected key
	 * 	- `value`: the expected value
	 * 	- `path`: optionally specifiy a path
	 * 	- `name`: optionally specify the cookie name
	 * 	- `expires`: optionally assert a specific expire time
	 *
	 * @see lithium\test\Unit::assert()
	 * @param array $expected
	 * @param array $headers When empty, value of `headers_list()` is used.
	 * @return boolean `true` if the assertion succeeded, `false` otherwise.
	 */
	public function assertCookie($expected, $headers = null) {
		$matched = $this->_cookieMatch($expected, $headers);
		if (!$matched['match']) {
			$message = sprintf('%s - Cookie not found in headers.', $matched['pattern']);
			return $this->assert(false, $message, compact('expected', 'result'));
		}
		return $this->assert(true, '%s');
	}

	/**
	 * Assert Cookie data is *not* set in headers.
	 *
	 * The value passed to `expected` is an array of the cookie data, with at least the key and
	 * value expected, but can support any of the following keys:
	 * 	- `key`: the expected key
	 * 	- `value`: the expected value
	 * 	- `path`: optionally specify a path
	 * 	- `name`: optionally specify the cookie name
	 * 	- `expires`: optionally assert a specific expire time
	 *
	 * @see lithium\test\Unit::assert()
	 * @param array $expected
	 * @param array $headers When empty, value of `headers_list()` is used.
	 * @return boolean `true` if the assertion succeeded, `false` otherwise.
	 */
	public function assertNoCookie($expected, $headers = null) {
		$matched = $this->_cookieMatch($expected, $headers);
		if ($matched['match']) {
			$message = sprintf('%s - Cookie found in headers.', $matched['pattern']);
			return $this->assert(false, $message, compact('expected', 'result'));
		}
		return $this->assert(true, '%s');
	}

	/**
	 * Match an `$expected` cookie with the given headers. If no headers are provided, then
	 * the value of `headers_list()` will be used.
	 *
	 * @param array $expected
	 * @param array $headers When empty, value of `headers_list()` will be used.
	 * @return boolean `true` if the assertion succeeded, `false` otherwise.
	 */
	protected function _cookieMatch($expected, $headers) {
		$defaults = array('path' => '/', 'name' => '[\w.-]+');
		$expected += $defaults;

		$headers = ($headers) ?: headers_list();
		$value = preg_quote(urlencode($expected['value']), '/');

		$key = explode('.', $expected['key']);
		$key = (count($key) === 1) ? '[' . current($key) . ']' : ('[' . join('][', $key) . ']');
		$key = preg_quote($key, '/');

		if (isset($expected['expires'])) {
			$date = gmdate('D, d-M-Y H:i:s \G\M\T', strtotime($expected['expires']));
			$expires = preg_quote($date, '/');
		} else {
			$expires = '(?:.+?)';
		}
		$path = preg_quote($expected['path'], '/');
		$pattern  = "/^Set\-Cookie:\s{$expected['name']}$key=$value;";
		$pattern .= "\sexpires=$expires;\spath=$path/";
		$match = false;

		foreach ($headers as $header) {
			if (preg_match($pattern, $header)) {
				$match = true;
				continue;
			}
		}
		return compact('match', 'pattern');
	}

	/**
	 * Assert that the passed result array has expected number of elements.
	 *
	 * ```
	 * $this->assertCount(1, array('foo')); // succeeds
	 * $this->assertCount(2, array('foo', 'bar', 'bar')); // fails
	 * ```
	 *
	 * @see lithium\test\Unit::assert()
	 * @param integer $expected
	 * @param array $array
	 * @param string|boolean $message
	 * @return boolean `true` if the assertion succeeded, `false` otherwise.
	 */
	public function assertCount($expected, $array, $message = '{:message}') {
		return $this->assert($expected === ($result = count($array)), $message, array(
			'expected' => $expected,
			'result' => $result
		));
	}

	/**
	 * Assert that the passed result array has *not* the expected number of elements.
	 *
	 * ```
	 * $this->assertNotCount(2, array('foo', 'bar', 'bar')); // succeeds
	 * $this->assertNotCount(1, array('foo')); // fails
	 * ```
	 *
	 * @see lithium\test\Unit::assert()
	 * @param integer $expected
	 * @param array $array
	 * @param string|boolean $message
	 * @return boolean `true` if the assertion succeeded, `false` otherwise.
	 */
	public function assertNotCount($expected, $array, $message = '{:message}') {
		return $this->assert($expected !== ($result = count($array)), $message, array(
			'expected' => $expected,
			'result' => $result
		));
	}

	/**
	 * Assert that the result array has given key.
	 *
	 * ```
	 * $this->assertArrayHasKey('bar', array('bar' => 'baz')); // succeeds
	 * $this->assertArrayHasKey('foo', array('bar' => 'baz')); // fails
	 * ```
	 *
	 * @see lithium\test\Unit::assert()
	 * @param mixed $expected
	 * @param array $array
	 * @param string|boolean $message
	 * @return boolean `true` if the assertion succeeded, `false` otherwise.
	 */
	public function assertArrayHasKey($key, $array, $message = '{:message}') {
		if (is_object($array) && $array instanceof \ArrayAccess) {
			$result = isset($array[$key]);
		} else {
			$result = array_key_exists($key, $array);
		}

		return $this->assert($result, $message, array(
			'expected' => $key,
			'result' => $array
		));
	}

	/**
	 * Assert that the result array does *not* have given key.
	 *
	 * ```
	 * $this->assertArrayNotHasKey('foo', array('bar' => 'baz')); // succeeds
	 * $this->assertArrayNotHasKey('bar', array('bar' => 'baz')); // fails
	 * ```
	 *
	 * @see lithium\test\Unit::assert()
	 * @param mixed $expected
	 * @param array $array
	 * @param string|boolean $message
	 * @return boolean `true` if the assertion succeeded, `false` otherwise.
	 */
	public function assertArrayNotHasKey($key, $array, $message = '{:message}') {
		if (is_object($array) && $array instanceof \ArrayAccess) {
			$result = isset($array[$key]);
		} else {
			$result = array_key_exists($key, $array);
		}

		return $this->assert(!$result, $message, array(
			'expected' => $key,
			'result' => $array
		));
	}

	/**
	 * Assert that `$haystack` contains `$needle` as a value.
	 *
	 * ```
	 * $this->assertContains('foo', array('foo', 'bar', 'baz')); // succeeds
	 * $this->assertContains(4, array(1,2,3)); // fails
	 * ```
	 *
	 * @see lithium\test\Unit::assert()
	 * @param string $needle   The needle you are looking for.
	 * @param mixed $haystack An array, iterable object, or string.
	 * @param string|boolean $message
	 * @return boolean `true` if the assertion succeeded, `false` otherwise.
	 */
	public function assertContains($needle, $haystack, $message = '{:message}') {
		if (is_string($haystack)) {
			return $this->assert(strpos($haystack, $needle) !== false, $message, array(
				'expected' => $needle,
				'result' => $haystack
			));
		}
		foreach ($haystack as $key => $value) {
			if ($value === $needle) {
				return $this->assert(true, $message, array(
					'expected' => $needle,
					'result' => $haystack
				));
			}
		}
		return $this->assert(false, $message, array(
			'expected' => $needle,
			'result' => $haystack
		));
	}

	/**
	 * Assert that `$haystack` does *not* contain `$needle` as a value.
	 *
	 * ```
	 * $this->assertNotContains(4, array(1,2,3)); // succeeds
	 * $this->assertNotContains('foo', array('foo', 'bar', 'baz')); // fails
	 * ```
	 *
	 * @see lithium\test\Unit::assert()
	 * @param string $needle   The needle you are looking for.
	 * @param miexed $haystack Array or iterable object or a string.
	 * @param string|boolean $message
	 * @return boolean `true` if the assertion succeeded, `false` otherwise.
	 */
	public function assertNotContains($needle, $haystack, $message = '{:message}') {
		if (is_string($haystack)) {
			return $this->assert(strpos($haystack, $needle) === false, $message, array(
				'expected' => $needle,
				'result' => $haystack
			));
		}
		foreach ($haystack as $key => $value) {
			if ($value === $needle) {
				return $this->assert(false, $message, array(
					'expected' => $needle,
					'result' => $haystack
				));
			}
		}
		return $this->assert(true, $message, array(
			'expected' => $needle,
			'result' => $haystack
		));
	}

	/**
	 * Assert that `$haystack` does only contain item of given type.
	 *
	 * ```
	 * $this->assertContainsOnly('integer', array(1,2,3)); // succeeds
	 * $this->assertContainsOnly('integer', array('foo', 'bar', 'baz')); // fails
	 * ```
	 *
	 * @see lithium\test\Unit::$_internalTypes
	 * @see lithium\test\Unit::assert()
	 * @param string $type
	 * @param array|object $haystack Array or iterable object.
	 * @param string|boolean $message
	 * @return boolean `true` if the assertion succeeded, `false` otherwise.
	 */
	public function assertContainsOnly($type, $haystack, $message = '{:message}') {
		$method = self::$_internalTypes[$type];
		foreach ($haystack as $key => $value) {
			if (!$method($value)) {
				return $this->assert(false, $message, array(
					'expected' => $type,
					'result' => $haystack
				));
			}
		}
		return $this->assert(true, $message, array(
			'expected' => $type,
			'result' => $haystack
		));
	}

	/**
	 * Assert that `$haystack` hasn't any items of given type.
	 *
	 * ```
	 * $this->assertNotContainsOnly('integer', array('foo', 'bar', 'baz')); // succeeds
	 * $this->assertNotContainsOnly('integer', array(1,2,3)); // fails
	 * ```
	 *
	 * @see lithium\test\Unit::$_internalTypes
	 * @see lithium\test\Unit::assert()
	 * @param string $type
	 * @param array|object $haystack Array or iterable object.
	 * @param string|boolean $message
	 * @return boolean `true` if the assertion succeeded, `false` otherwise.
	 */
	public function assertNotContainsOnly($type, $haystack, $message = '{:message}') {
		$method = self::$_internalTypes[$type];
		foreach ($haystack as $key => $value) {
			if (!$method($value)) {
				return $this->assert(true, $message, array(
					'expected' => $type,
					'result' => $haystack
				));
			}
		}
		return $this->assert(false, $message, array(
			'expected' => $type,
			'result' => $haystack
		));
	}

	/**
	 * Assert that `$haystack` contains only instances of given class.
	 *
	 * ```
	 * $this->assertContainsOnlyInstancesOf('stdClass', array(new \stdClass)); // succeeds
	 * $this->assertContainsOnlyInstancesOf('stdClass', array(new \lithium\test\Unit)); // fails
	 * ```
	 *
	 * @see lithium\test\Unit::assert()
	 * @param string $class
	 * @param array|object $haystack Array or iterable object.
	 * @param string|boolean $message
	 * @return boolean `true` if the assertion succeeded, `false` otherwise.
	 */
	public function assertContainsOnlyInstancesOf($class, $haystack, $message = '{:message}') {
		$result = array();
		foreach ($haystack as $key => &$value) {
			if (!is_a($value, $class)) {
				$result[$key] =& $value;
				break;
			}
		}
		return $this->assert(empty($result), $message, array(
			'expected' => $class,
			'result' => $result
		));
	}

	/**
	 * Assert that `$expected` is greater than `$actual`.
	 *
	 * ```
	 * $this->assertGreaterThan(5, 3); // succeeds
	 * $this->assertGreaterThan(3, 5); // fails
	 * ```
	 *
	 * @see lithium\test\Unit::assert()
	 * @param float|integer $expected
	 * @param float|integer $actual
	 * @param string|boolean $message
	 * @return boolean `true` if the assertion succeeded, `false` otherwise.
	 */
	public function assertGreaterThan($expected, $actual, $message = '{:message}') {
		return $this->assert($expected > $actual, $message, array(
			'expected' => $expected,
			'result' => $actual
		));
	}

	/**
	 * Assert that `$expected` is greater than or equal to `$actual`.
	 *
	 * ```
	 * $this->assertGreaterThanOrEqual(5, 5); // succeeds
	 * $this->assertGreaterThanOrEqual(3, 5); // fails
	 * ```
	 *
	 * @see lithium\test\Unit::assert()
	 * @param float|integer $expected
	 * @param float|integer $actual
	 * @param string|boolean $message
	 * @return boolean `true` if the assertion succeeded, `false` otherwise.
	 */
	public function assertGreaterThanOrEqual($expected, $actual, $message = '{:message}') {
		return $this->assert($expected >= $actual, $message, array(
			'expected' => $expected,
			'result' => $actual
		));
	}

	/**
	 * Assert that `$expected` is less than `$actual`.
	 *
	 * ```
	 * $this->assertLessThan(3, 5); // succeeds
	 * $this->assertLessThan(5, 3); // fails
	 * ```
	 *
	 * @see lithium\test\Unit::assert()
	 * @param float|integer $expected
	 * @param float|integer $actual
	 * @param string|boolean $message
	 * @return boolean `true` if the assertion succeeded, `false` otherwise.
	 */
	public function assertLessThan($expected, $actual, $message = '{:message}') {
		return $this->assert($expected < $actual, $message, array(
			'expected' => $expected,
			'result' => $actual
		));
	}

	/**
	 * Assert that `$expected` is less than or equal to `$actual`.
	 *
	 * ```
	 * $this->assertLessThanOrEqual(5, 5); // succeeds
	 * $this->assertLessThanOrEqual(5, 3); // fails
	 * ```
	 *
	 * @see lithium\test\Unit::assert()
	 * @param float|integer $expected
	 * @param float|integer $actual
	 * @param string|boolean $message
	 * @return boolean `true` if the assertion succeeded, `false` otherwise.
	 */
	public function assertLessThanOrEqual($expected, $actual, $message = '{:message}') {
		return $this->assert($expected <= $actual, $message, array(
			'expected' => $expected,
			'result' => $actual
		));
	}

	/**
	 * Assert that `$actual` is an instance of `$expected`.
	 *
	 * ```
	 * $this->assertInstanceOf('stdClass', new stdClass); // succeeds
	 * $this->assertInstanceOf('ReflectionClass', new stdClass); // fails
	 * ```
	 *
	 * @see lithium\test\Unit::assert()
	 * @param string $expected Fully namespaced expected class.
	 * @param object $actual Object you are testing.
	 * @param string|boolean $message
	 * @return boolean `true` if the assertion succeeded, `false` otherwise.
	 */
	public function assertInstanceOf($expected, $actual, $message = '{:message}') {
		return $this->assert(is_a($actual, $expected), $message, array(
			'expected' => $expected,
			'result' => get_class($actual)
		));
	}

	/**
	 * Assert that `$actual` is *not* an instance of `$expected`.
	 *
	 * ```
	 * $this->assertNotInstanceOf('ReflectionClass', new stdClass); // succeeds
	 * $this->assertNotInstanceOf('stdClass', new stdClass); // fails
	 * ```
	 *
	 * @see lithium\test\Unit::assert()
	 * @param string $expected Fully namespaced expected class.
	 * @param object $actual Object you are testing.
	 * @param string|boolean $message
	 * @return boolean `true` if the assertion succeeded, `false` otherwise.
	 */
	public function assertNotInstanceOf($expected, $actual, $message = '{:message}') {
		return $this->assert(!is_a($actual, $expected), $message, array(
			'expected' => $expected,
			'result' => is_object($actual) ? get_class($actual) : gettype($actual),
		));
	}

	/**
	 * Assert that `$actual` is of given type.
	 *
	 * ```
	 * $this->assertInternalType('string', 'foobar'); // succeeds
	 * $this->assertInternalType('integer', 'foobar'); // fails
	 * ```
	 *
	 * @see lithium\test\Unit::$_internalTypes
	 * @see lithium\test\Unit::assert()
	 * @param string $expected Internal type.
	 * @param object $actual Object you are testing.
	 * @param string|boolean $message
	 * @return boolean `true` if the assertion succeeded, `false` otherwise.
	 */
	public function assertInternalType($expected, $actual, $message = '{:message}') {
		$method = self::$_internalTypes[$expected];
		return $this->assert($method($actual), $message, array(
			'expected' => $expected,
			'result' => gettype($actual)
		));
	}

	/**
	 * Assert that `$actual` is *not* of given type.
	 *
	 * ```
	 * $this->assertNotInternalType('integer', 'foobar'); // succeeds
	 * $this->assertNotInternalType('string', 'foobar'); // fails
	 * ```
	 *
	 * @see lithium\test\Unit::$_internalTypes
	 * @see lithium\test\Unit::assert()
	 * @param string $expected Internal type.
	 * @param object $actual Object you are testing.
	 * @param string|boolean $message
	 * @return boolean `true` if the assertion succeeded, `false` otherwise.
	 */
	public function assertNotInternalType($expected, $actual, $message = '{:message}') {
		$method = self::$_internalTypes[$expected];
		return $this->assert(!$method($actual), $message, array(
			'expected' => $expected,
			'result' => gettype($actual)
		));
	}

	/**
	 * Assert that the file contents of `$expected` are equal to the contents of `$actual`.
	 *
	 * ```
	 * $this->assertFileEquals('/tmp/foo.txt', '/tmp/foo.txt'); // succeeds
	 * $this->assertFileEquals('/tmp/foo.txt', '/tmp/bar.txt'); // fails
	 * ```
	 *
	 * @see lithium\test\Unit::assert()
	 * @param string $expected Absolute path to the expected file.
	 * @param string $actual Absolute path to the actual file.
	 * @param string|boolean $message
	 * @return boolean `true` if the assertion succeeded, `false` otherwise.
	 */
	public function assertFileEquals($expected, $actual, $message = '{:message}') {
		$expected = md5_file($expected);
		$result = md5_file($actual);
		return $this->assert($expected === $result, $message, compact('expected', 'result'));
	}

	/**
	 * Assert that the file contents of `$expected` are *not* equal to the contents of `$actual`.
	 *
	 * ```
	 * $this->assertFileNotEquals('/tmp/foo.txt', '/tmp/bar.txt'); // succeeds
	 * $this->assertFileNotEquals('/tmp/foo.txt', '/tmp/foo.txt'); // fails
	 * ```
	 *
	 * @see lithium\test\Unit::assert()
	 * @param string $expected Absolute path to the expected file.
	 * @param string $actual Absolute path to the actual file.
	 * @param string|boolean $message
	 * @return boolean `true` if the assertion succeeded, `false` otherwise.
	 */
	public function assertFileNotEquals($expected, $actual, $message = '{:message}') {
		$expected = md5_file($expected);
		$result = md5_file($actual);
		return $this->assert($expected !== $result, $message, compact('expected', 'result'));
	}

	/**
	 * Assert that a file exists.
	 *
	 * ```
	 * $this->assertFileExists(__FILE__); // succeeds
	 * $this->assertFileExists('/tmp/bar.txt'); // fails
	 * ```
	 *
	 * @see lithium\test\Unit::assert()
	 * @param string $actual Absolute path to the actual file.
	 * @param string|boolean $message
	 * @return boolean `true` if the assertion succeeded, `false` otherwise.
	 */
	public function assertFileExists($actual, $message = '{:message}') {
		return $this->assert(file_exists($actual), $message, array(
			'expected' => $actual,
			'result' => file_exists($actual)
		));
	}

	/**
	 * Assert that a file does *not* exist.
	 *
	 * ```
	 * $this->assertFileNotExists('/tmp/bar.txt'); // succeeds
	 * $this->assertFileNotExists(__FILE__); // fails
	 * ```
	 *
	 * @see lithium\test\Unit::assert()
	 * @param string $actual Absolute path to the actual file.
	 * @param string|boolean $message
	 * @return boolean `true` if the assertion succeeded, `false` otherwise.
	 */
	public function assertFileNotExists($actual, $message = '{:message}') {
		return $this->assert(!file_exists($actual), $message, array(
			'expected' => $actual,
			'result' => !file_exists($actual)
		));
	}

	/**
	 * Assert that a class has a given attribute.
	 *
	 * ```
	 * $this->assertClassHasAttribute('__construct', 'ReflectionClass'); // succeeds
	 * $this->assertClassHasAttribute('name', 'ReflectionClass'); // fails
	 * ```
	 *
	 * @see lithium\test\Unit::assert()
	 * @see lithium\test\Unit::assertObjectHasAttribute()
	 * @throws InvalidArgumentException When $class does not exist.
	 * @param mixed $attributeName
	 * @param string $class
	 * @param string|boolean $message
	 * @return boolean `true` if the assertion succeeded, `false` otherwise.
	 */
	public function assertClassHasAttribute($attributeName, $class, $message = '{:message}') {
		if (!is_string($class)) {
			throw new InvalidArgumentException('Argument $class must be a string');
		}
		$object = new ReflectionClass($class);
		return $this->assert($object->hasProperty($attributeName), $message, array(
			'expected' => $attributeName,
			'result' => $object->getProperties()
		));
	}

	/**
	 * Assert that a class does *not* have a given attribute.
	 *
	 * ```
	 * $this->assertClassNotHasAttribute('name', 'ReflectionClass'); // succeeds
	 * $this->assertClassNotHasAttribute('__construct', 'ReflectionClass'); // fails
	 * ```
	 *
	 * @see lithium\test\Unit::assert()
	 * @see lithium\test\Unit::assertObjectHasAttribute()
	 * @throws InvalidArgumentException When $class does not exist.
	 * @param mixed $attributeName
	 * @param string $class
	 * @param string|boolean $message
	 * @return boolean `true` if the assertion succeeded, `false` otherwise.
	 */
	public function assertClassNotHasAttribute($attributeName, $class, $message = '{:message}') {
		if (!is_string($class)) {
			throw new InvalidArgumentException('Argument $class must be a string.');
		}
		$object = new ReflectionClass($class);
		return $this->assert(!$object->hasProperty($attributeName), $message, array(
			'expected' => $attributeName,
			'result' => $object->getProperties()
		));
	}

	/**
	 * Assert that a class does have a given _static_ attribute.
	 *
	 * ```
	 * $this->assertClassHasStaticAttribute('_methodFilters', '\lithium\core\StaticObject'); // succeeds
	 * $this->assertClassHasStaticAttribute('foobar', '\lithium\core\StaticObject'); // fails
	 * ```
	 *
	 * @see lithium\test\Unit::assert()
	 * @param mixed $attributeName
	 * @param string $class
	 * @param string|boolean $message
	 * @return boolean `true` if the assertion succeeded, `false` otherwise.
	 */
	public function assertClassHasStaticAttribute($attributeName, $class, $message = '{:message}') {
		$object = new ReflectionClass($class);

		if ($object->hasProperty($attributeName)) {
			$attribute = $object->getProperty($attributeName);

			return $this->assert($attribute->isStatic(), $message, array(
				'expected' => $attributeName,
				'result' => $object->getProperties()
			));
		}
		return $this->assert(false, $message, array(
			'expected' => $attributeName,
			'result' => $object->getProperties()
		));
	}

	/**
	 * Assert that a class does *not* have a given _static_ attribute.
	 *
	 * ```
	 * $this->assertClassNotHasStaticAttribute('foobar', '\lithium\core\StaticObject'); // succeeds
	 * $this->assertClassNotHasStaticAttribute('_methodFilters', '\lithium\core\StaticObject'); // fails
	 * ```
	 *
	 * @see lithium\test\Unit::assert()
	 * @param mixed $attributeName
	 * @param string $class
	 * @param string|boolean $message
	 * @return boolean `true` if the assertion succeeded, `false` otherwise.
	 */
	public function assertClassNotHasStaticAttribute($attrName, $class, $message = '{:message}') {
		$object = new ReflectionClass($class);

		if ($object->hasProperty($attrName)) {
			$attribute = $object->getProperty($attrName);

			return $this->assert(!$attribute->isStatic(), $message, array(
				'expected' => $attrName,
				'result' => $object->getProperties()
			));
		}
		return $this->assert(true, $message, array(
			'expected' => $attrName,
			'result' => $object->getProperties()
		));
	}

	/**
	 * Assert that `$object` has given attribute.
	 *
	 * ```
	 * $this->assertObjectHasAttribute('__construct', 'ReflectionClass'); // succeeds
	 * $this->assertObjectHasAttribute('name', 'ReflectionClass'); // fails
	 * ```
	 *
	 * @see lithium\test\Unit::assert()
	 * @throws InvalidArgumentException When $object is not an object.
	 * @param string $attributeName
	 * @param string $object
	 * @param string|boolean $message
	 * @return boolean `true` if the assertion succeeded, `false` otherwise.
	 */
	public function assertObjectHasAttribute($attributeName, $object, $message = '{:message}') {
		if (!is_object($object)) {
			throw new InvalidArgumentException('Second argument $object must be an object.');
		}
		$object = new ReflectionClass($object);
		return $this->assert($object->hasProperty($attributeName), $message, array(
			'expected' => $attributeName,
			'result' => $object->getProperties()
		));
	}

	/**
	 * Assert that `$object` does *not* have given attribute.
	 *
	 * ```
	 * $this->assertObjectNotHasAttribute('name', 'ReflectionClass'); // succeeds
	 * $this->assertObjectNotHasAttribute('__construct', 'ReflectionClass'); // fails
	 * ```
	 *
	 * @see lithium\test\Unit::assert()
	 * @throws InvalidArgumentException When $object is not an object.
	 * @param string $attributeName
	 * @param string $object
	 * @param string|boolean $message
	 * @return boolean `true` if the assertion succeeded, `false` otherwise.
	 */
	public function assertObjectNotHasAttribute($attributeName, $object, $message = '{:message}') {
		if (!is_object($object)) {
			throw new InvalidArgumentException('Second argument $object must be an object');
		}
		$object = new ReflectionClass($object);
		return $this->assert(!$object->hasProperty($attributeName), $message, array(
			'expected' => $attributeName,
			'result' => $object->getProperties()
		));
	}

	/**
	 * Reports test result messages.
	 *
	 * @param string $type The type of result being reported.  Can be `'pass'`, `'fail'`, `'skip'`
	 *               or `'exception'`.
	 * @param array $info An array of information about the test result. At a minimum, this should
	 *              contain a `'message'` key. Other possible keys are `'file'`, `'line'`,
	 *              `'class'`, `'method'`, `'assertion'` and `'data'`.
	 * @param array $options Currently unimplemented.
	 * @return void
	 */
	protected function _result($type, $info, array $options = array()) {
		$info = (array('result' => $type) + $info);
		$defaults = array();
		$options += $defaults;
		if ($this->_reporter) {
			$filtered = $this->_reporter->__invoke($info);
			$info = is_array($filtered) ? $filtered : $info;
		}
		$this->_results[] = $info;
	}

	/**
	 * Runs an individual test method, collecting results and catching exceptions along the way.
	 *
	 * @param string $method The name of the test method to run.
	 * @param array $options
	 * @return mixed
	 * @filter Executes filters applied to this class' run method.
	 */
	protected function _runTestMethod($method, $options) {
		try {
			$this->setUp();
		} catch (Exception $e) {
			$this->_handleException($e, __LINE__ - 2);
			return $this->_results;
		}
		$params = compact('options', 'method');

		$passed = $this->_filter(__CLASS__ . '::run', $params, function($self, $params, $chain) {
			try {
				$method = $params['method'];
				$lineFlag = __LINE__ + 1;
				$self->{$method}();
			} catch (Exception $e) {
				$self->invokeMethod('_handleException', array($e));
			}
		});

		foreach ($this->_expected as $expected) {
			$this->_result('fail', compact('method') + array(
				'class' => get_class($this),
				'message' => "Expected exception matching `{$expected}` uncaught.",
				'data' => array(),
				'file' => null,
				'line' => null,
				'assertion' => 'expectException'
			));
		}
		$this->_expected = array();

		try {
			$this->tearDown();
		} catch (Exception $e) {
			$this->_handleException($e, __LINE__ - 2);
		}
		return $passed;
	}

	/**
	 * Normalizes `Exception` objects and PHP error data into a single array format
	 * then the error data is logged to the test results.
	 *
	 * @see lithium\test\Unit::_reportException()
	 * @param mixed $exception An `Exception` object instance, or an array containing the following
	 *              keys: `'message'`, `'file'`, `'line'`, `'trace'` (in `debug_backtrace()`
	 *              format) and optionally `'code'` (error code number) and `'context'` (an array
	 *              of variables relevant to the scope of where the error occurred).
	 * @param integer $lineFlag A flag used for determining the relevant scope of the call stack.
	 *                Set to the line number where test methods are called.
	 * @return void
	 */
	protected function _handleException($exception, $lineFlag = null) {
		$data = $exception;

		if (is_object($exception)) {
			$data = array();

			foreach (array('message', 'file', 'line', 'trace') as $key) {
				$method = 'get' . ucfirst($key);
				$data[$key] = $exception->{$method}();
			}
			$ref = $exception->getTrace();
			$ref = $ref[0] + array('class' => null);

			if ($ref['class'] === __CLASS__ && $ref['function'] === 'skipIf') {
				return $this->_result('skip', $data);
			}
		}
		return $this->_reportException($data, $lineFlag);
	}

	/**
	 * Convert an exception object to an exception result array for test reporting.
	 *
	 * @param array $exception The exception data to report on. Statistics are gathered and
	 *               added to the reporting stack contained in `Unit::$_results`.
	 * @param string $lineFlag
	 * @return void
	 * @todo Refactor so that reporters handle trace formatting.
	 */
	protected function _reportException($exception, $lineFlag = null) {
		$message = $exception['message'];

		$isExpected = (($exp = end($this->_expected)) && ($exp === true || $exp === $message || (
			Validator::isRegex($exp) && preg_match($exp, $message)
		)));
		if ($isExpected) {
			return array_pop($this->_expected);
		}
		$initFrame = current($exception['trace']) + array('class' => '-', 'function' => '-');

		foreach ($exception['trace'] as $frame) {
			if (isset($scopedFrame)) {
				break;
			}
			if (!class_exists('lithium\analysis\Inspector')) {
				continue;
			}
			if (isset($frame['class']) && in_array($frame['class'], Inspector::parents($this))) {
				$scopedFrame = $frame;
			}
		}
		if (class_exists('lithium\analysis\Debugger')) {
			$exception['trace'] = Debugger::trace(array(
				'trace'        => $exception['trace'],
				'format'       => '{:functionRef}, line {:line}',
				'includeScope' => false,
				'scope'        => array_filter(array(
					'functionRef' => __NAMESPACE__ . '\{closure}',
					'line'        => $lineFlag
				))
			));
		}
		$this->_result('exception', $exception + array(
			'class'     => $initFrame['class'],
			'method'    => $initFrame['function']
		));
	}

	/**
	 * Compare the expected with the result.  If `$result` is null `$expected` equals `$type`
	 * and `$result` equals `$expected`.
	 *
	 * @param string $type The type of comparison either `'identical'` or `'equal'` (default).
	 * @param mixed $expected The expected value.
	 * @param mixed $result An optional result value, defaults to `null`
	 * @param string $trace An optional trace used internally to track arrays and objects,
	 *               defaults to `null`.
	 * @return array Data with the keys `trace'`, `'expected'` and `'result'`.
	 */
	protected function _compare($type, $expected, $result = null, $trace = null) {
		$compareTypes = function($expected, $result, $trace) {
			$types = array('expected' => gettype($expected), 'result' => gettype($result));

			if ($types['expected'] !== $types['result']) {
				$expected = trim("({$types['expected']}) " . print_r($expected, true));
				$result = trim("({$types['result']}) " . print_r($result, true));
				return compact('trace', 'expected', 'result');
			}
		};
		if ($types = $compareTypes($expected, $result, $trace)) {
			return $types;
		}
		$data = array();

		if (!is_scalar($expected)) {
			foreach ($expected as $key => $value) {
				$newTrace = "{$trace}[{$key}]";
				$isObject = false;

				if (is_object($expected)) {
					$isObject = true;
					$expected = (array) $expected;
					$result = (array) $result;
				}
				if (!array_key_exists($key, $result)) {
					$trace = (!$key) ? null : $newTrace;
					$expected = (!$key) ? $expected : $value;
					$result = ($key) ? null : $result;
					return compact('trace', 'expected', 'result');
				}
				$check = $result[$key];

				if ($isObject) {
					$newTrace = ($trace) ? "{$trace}->{$key}" : $key;
					$expected = (object) $expected;
					$result = (object) $result;
				}
				if ($type === 'identical') {
					if ($value === $check) {
						if ($types = $compareTypes($value, $check, $trace)) {
							return $types;
						}
						continue;
					}
					if ($check === array()) {
						$trace = $newTrace;
						return compact('trace', 'expected', 'result');
					}
					if (is_string($check)) {
						$trace = $newTrace;
						$expected = $value;
						$result = $check;
						return compact('trace', 'expected', 'result');
					}
				} else {
					if ($value == $check) {
						if ($types = $compareTypes($value, $check, $trace)) {
							return $types;
						}
						continue;
					}
					if (!is_array($value)) {
						$trace = $newTrace;
						return compact('trace', 'expected', 'result');
					}
				}
				$compare = $this->_compare($type, $value, $check, $newTrace);

				if ($compare !== true) {
					$data[] = $compare;
				}
			}
			if (!empty($data)) {
				return $data;
			}
		} elseif (!is_scalar($result)) {
			$data = $this->_compare($type, $result, $expected);

			if (!empty($data)) {
				return array(
					'trace' => $data['trace'],
					'expected' => $data['result'],
					'result' => $data['expected']
				);
			}
		}
		if ((($type === 'identical') ? $expected === $result : $expected == $result)) {
			if ($types = $compareTypes($expected, $result, $trace)) {
				return $types;
			}
			return true;
		}
		return compact('trace', 'expected', 'result');
	}

	/**
	 * Returns a basic message for the data returned from `_result()`.
	 *
	 * @see lithium\test\Unit::assert()
	 * @see lithium\test\Unit::_result()
	 * @param array $data The data to use for creating the message.
	 * @param string $message The string prepended to the generate message in the current scope.
	 * @return string
	 */
	protected function _message(&$data = array(), $message =  null) {
		if (!empty($data[0])) {
			foreach ($data as $key => $value) {
				$message = (!empty($data[$key][0])) ? $message : null;
				$message .= $this->_message($value, $message);
				unset($data[$key]);
			}
			return $message;
		}
		$defaults = array('trace' => null, 'expected' => null, 'result' => null);
		$data = (array) $data + $defaults;

		$message = null;
		if (!empty($data['trace'])) {
			$message = sprintf("trace: %s\n", $data['trace']);
		}
		if (is_object($data['expected'])) {
			$data['expected'] = get_object_vars($data['expected']);
		}
		if (is_object($data['result'])) {
			$data['result'] = get_object_vars($data['result']);
		}
		return $message . sprintf("expected: %s\nresult: %s\n",
			var_export($data['expected'], true),
			var_export($data['result'], true)
		);
	}

	/**
	 * Generates all permutation of an array $items and returns them in a new array.
	 *
	 * @param array $items An array of items
	 * @param array $perms
	 * @return array
	 */
	protected function _arrayPermute($items, $perms = array()) {
		static $permuted;

		if (empty($perms)) {
			$permuted = array();
		}

		if (empty($items)) {
			$permuted[] = $perms;
			return;
		}
		$numItems = count($items) - 1;

		for ($i = $numItems; $i >= 0; --$i) {
			$newItems = $items;
			$newPerms = $perms;
			list($tmp) = array_splice($newItems, $i, 1);
			array_unshift($newPerms, $tmp);
			$this->_arrayPermute($newItems, $newPerms);
		}
		return $permuted;
	}

	/**
	 * Removes everything from `resources/tmp/tests` directory. Call from inside of your test
	 * method or `tearDown()`.
	 *
	 * Uses `DIRECTORY_SEPARATOR` as `getPathname()` is used in a a direct string comparison.
	 * The method may contain slashes and backslashes.
	 *
	 * If the file to unlink is readonly, it throws a exception (Permission denied) on Windows.
	 * So, the file is checked before an unlink is tried. (this will make the tests run slower
	 * but is prefered over a if (!unlink { chmod; unlink }.
	 * http://stringoftheseus.com/blog/2010/12/22/php-unlink-permisssion-denied-error-on-windows/
	 *
	 * @param string $path Path to directory with contents to remove. If first
	 *        character is NOT a slash (`/`) or a Windows drive letter (`C:`)
	 *        prepends `Libraries::get(true, 'resources')/tmp/`.
	 * @return void
	 */
	protected function _cleanUp($path = null) {
		$resources = Libraries::get(true, 'resources');
		$path = $path ?: $resources . '/tmp/tests';
		$path = preg_match('/^\w:|^\//', $path) ? $path : $resources . '/tmp/' . $path;

		if (!is_dir($path)) {
			return;
		}
		$dirs = new RecursiveDirectoryIterator($path);
		$iterator = new RecursiveIteratorIterator($dirs, RecursiveIteratorIterator::CHILD_FIRST);

		foreach ($iterator as $item) {
			$empty = $item->getPathname() === $path . DIRECTORY_SEPARATOR . 'empty';

			if ($empty || $iterator->isDot()) {
				continue;
			}
			if ($item->isDir()) {
				rmdir($item->getPathname());
				continue;
			}
			if (!$item->isWritable()) {
				chmod($item->getPathname(), 0777);
			}
			unlink($item->getPathname());
		}
	}

	/**
	 * Fixes some issues regarding the used EOL character(s).
	 *
	 * On linux EOL is LF, on Windows it is normally CRLF, but the latter may depend also
	 * on the git config core.autocrlf setting. As some tests use heredoc style (<<<) to
	 * specify multiline expectations, this EOL issue may cause tests to fail only because
	 * of a difference in EOL's used.
	 *
	 * in `assertEqual`, `assertNotEqual`,`` assertPattern` and `assertNotPattern` this
	 * function is called to get rid of any EOL differences.
	 *
	 * @param mixed $expected
	 * @param mixed $result
	 * @return array Array with the normalized elements i.e. `array($expected, $result)`.
	 */
	protected function _normalizeLineEndings($expected, $result) {
		if (is_string($expected) && is_string($result)) {
			$expected = preg_replace('/\r\n/', "\n", $expected);
			$result = preg_replace('/\r\n/', "\n", $result);
		}
		return array($expected, $result);
	}

	/* Deprecated */

	/**
	 * The list of expected exceptions.
	 *
	 * @deprecated
	 * @var string
	 */
	protected $_expected = array();

	/**
	 * Used before a call to `assert*()` if you expect the test assertion to generate an exception
	 * or PHP error.  If no error or exception is thrown, a test failure will be reported.  Can
	 * be called multiple times per assertion, if more than one error is expected.
	 *
	 * @deprecated
	 * @param mixed $message A string indicating what the error text is expected to be.  This can
	 *              be an exact string, a /-delimited regular expression, or true, indicating that
	 *              any error text is acceptable.
	 * @return void
	 */
	public function expectException($message = true) {
		$message = "Unit::expectException() is deprecated in favor of Unit::assertException().";
		 trigger_error($message, E_USER_DEPRECATED);

		$this->_expected[] = $message;
	}
}